Summer+Reading+Assignment



PROJECT ASSIGNMENT A HISTORY OF THE WORLD IN 6 GLASSES by Tom Standage (2005) The book you have been assigned to read provides an excellent look at world history. This reading and other ideas to be shared in class will help you recognize how, everything. . . from what we drink to the clothes we wear, from the technology we use; to the religion we practice. Everything has an interrelated history.

Please take your time, answer the questions carefully, and prepare all work for this class “professionally” (which means: BE NEAT!).

You are going to make a SCRAPBOOK that visually reflects the author's main points. Using images and whatever recyclables you can find create a page(s) for each of the six beverages. To introduce the visuals, write a 1/2 page summary of the author's main points. For each of the six beverages,make sure to explain when, where, why and how that beverage became important and what effect it had on world history, giving specific examples of how the beverage impacted world history. Your visual representations will reflect the summary information. You should put it all together in scrapbook form.

Here are some "Focus Questions" to Consider while you read and plan your project: 1. How is the discovery of beer linked to the growth of the first “civilizations”? 2. What does this history of beer in the ancient world tell us about the early civilizations? 3. What sources does the author use to gather his information on the use of beer? 4. What were some of the uses of beer by ancient cultures? Nourishment? Ritual? Religious? 5. How did beer “civilize” man, according to Standage? 6. What is the relationship between beer and writing, commerce, and health?
 * BEER**

**WINE** 1. How did the use of wine differ from that of beer in ancient Greece and Rome? 2. How was wine used by the Greeks? 3. How and why did wine develop into a form of a status symbol in Greece? 4. How was wine consumed? What does this tell us about the ancient Greek culture? 5. How did the use of wine in Roman culture differ from that of ancient Greece? 6. What is the relationship between wine and empire, medicine, and religion.

**SPIRITS** 1. What is the origin of distilled spirits? 2. What is the connection between spirits and colonization? 3. How was the production of spirits connected to slavery? 4. What role did spirits play on the high seas? 5. In the 18th century, how did spirits help Britain have a more superior navy than France? 6. Why were spirits an important staple in Colonial America? 7. How did rum play a role in the American Revolution? 8. What were the negative effects/uses of spirits? (Use entire chapter to answer this)

**COFFEE** 1. Who did Europeans get coffee from and how did it spread to Europe? 2. Why was it so important to Europe’s development that many people’s beverage of choice switched from alcohol to coffee? 3. Describe coffee’s effect on the global balance of power (in terms of commerce). 4. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the scientific revolution? (give lots of detail) 5. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the ‘financial revolution’? 6. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the French Revolution? (give lots of detail and go into the Enlightenment)

**TEA** 1. When did tea first become a mainstream drink in Asia? In Europe? 2. How did the consumption of tea in Europe differ from how it was consumed in China or Japan? 3. If tea arrived in Europe around the same time as when coffee did, why did it not find the immediate success that coffee had? 4. How did tea transform English society? Who were its main consumers and what were some of the new rituals that surrounded tea? 5. How was tea an integral part of the Industrial Revolution? 6. What was the connection between tea and politics? 7. How was tea connected to the opium trade and the Opium War of 1839-1842? 8. What role did the tea trade and production play in the British rule over India?

**COCA-COLA** 1. What was the origin of coke? 2. How was this beverage used medicinally and what were the additives? 3. What was the relationship of coke and World War II? 4. How was coke thought of by the communist during the Cold War? 5. What is meant by “globalization in a bottle”? 6. How did Coco-Cola become basically seen as an American value? How did this help and hurt Coca-Cola (and, in some ways, America itself?)

**Epilogue** 1. Describe how the scientific advancements of the 19th century brought the history of beverages full circle. 2. Which water’s quality is more tightly controlled-tap or bottled? 3. How many people have no access to safe water today? 4. How has access to water affected international relations? HERE ARE SOME NOTES TO ASSIST YOU WITH READING AND PROJECT PLANNING: Stone age, evolved with the domestication of cereal grains, farming Discovered not invented Social drink, rituals, hospitality (shared vessel) Sumer, Egypt Gift from gods—religious offering Nutritional benefits (water hazards) Urban revolution-> Egypt and Mesopotamia liquid and solid grain (edible money) Gilgamesh Beer=civilized Beverage from cradle to grave Evidence in writing Use as medicine Global Processes:  Increase of agriculture, settlement  Regional Trade  Evolution of writing  Health and nutrition concerns
 * Beer **

Wine= power, prestige, and privilege Initially exotic and scarce, expensive to transport Initially associated with class: Masses drank beer Then in Greece became classless. Grain had to be imported because wine was 20X more valuable as a trade product. Symposium (drinking parties mixed wine and water…) Clean wounds—medicinal, safety of drinking wine vs. water Wine embodied Greek culture Rome: farmers reconciled Greek influence with their own farming background-> viticulture Imported grain from colonies in N. Africa Symbol of social differentiation, form of conspicuous consumption (wine type mattered) Used as medicine With fall of empire: wine continued to be associated with Christianity and the Mediterranean (beer vs wine geography) Global Processes:  HEI- importance of geography, locale  Long distance trade  Rise and fall of empires  Movement of nomadic peoples  Spread of Religion
 * Wine **

Cordoba- process of distillation from Arabs, medicine, travels better Distilled wine- Miracle drink Ideas spread via printing press (Gutenberg, China) Whiskey, brandy Spirits, slaves and sugar connection-> rum, currency, slave payment Sailors, grog-> scurvy 1st globalized drink (oppression) Popularity of rum in the colonies (no other options…) Distilled in New England Trade wars (molasses act, sugar act, trade/ tax, boycotts of imports and refusal to pay taxes without representation) (was it rum not tea that started the revolution?) Whiskey rebellion (grain distilling- -Scottish ancestry, Penn.) -> bourbon French fur traders (brandy) and British movements (rum) Spanish (pulque) Association with slavery, exploitation, subjugation of indigenous peoples, estab. of new nations Global Processes:  Spread of technology  Exploration (use of Arab technology)  Spread of disease  Slavery  Trade  Revolution  Subjugation of indigenous peoples
 * Spirits **

Rational enquiry New and safe alternative to alcoholic drinks and water Arab origins- controversy Coffeehouses -> spread to Europe and London (cosmo, trade, Puritan) Medicinal qualities Women’s complaints: “The whole race is in danger of extinction.” Freedom of speech in coffeehouses Empires of coffee: Arab monopoly on beans, Dutch middlepersons, Dutch coffee plantations in Java and then Suriname, French in west indies (and onto Haiti, Cuba, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and then Brazil…) Coffeehouses: news gathering and sharing places, specialized in particular topics, coffee powered network, domestic feel (no women in England), social differences left at door, Exchange of scientific and commercial ideas French versus English coffeehouses Revolutionary ferment Global Processes:  Enlightenment  Revolution  Trade  Colonialism  Scientific revolution
 * Coffee **

British empire Chinese tradition: 2737-2697 BCE but more likely 7th c. BCE Medicinal purposes: rub on wounds, gruel Silk routes—spread of Buddhism also spread tea Popular in 4th c CE tea became national drink by Tang Prosperity of Tang Medicinal qualities (kill bacteria that cause cholera, typhoid, dysentery) Quick easy prep, water purification Visible economic impact (paper money, tea in form of bricks as currency, Tea tax 780  Fell from favor during Mongol rule (Marco Polo no mention)  Drinking fountain p. 182  Tea ceremony Japan—p. 184 sign of great culture  Intro of tea to Europe before coffee but more expensive—initially luxury and medicinal drink.  European additions to tea of milk and sugar  18th c. Britain won over by end (fashionable in English court with marriage and role of British East India Trading co.  Tea shops for women, Tea parties, afternoon tea, tea gardens Role in factory production- tea breaks Role in reducing waterborne diseases—increased infant mortality, increasing labor pool for industrial revolution. Marketing of tea and tea paraphernalia – foundations of consumerism Political power of British East India co.: sugar and tea connections Tea act 1773 Opium and tea connection-> war and opening of market Tea cultivation in India—Assam company Tea drinking of the empire today Global Processes:  Silk Routes  Spread of religion (Buddhism and Taoism)  Industrial revolution  Disease  Rise of West argument (p. 202)  New technologies: railroads and steamships reduced costs  Imperialism
 * Tea **

Soda water-> London Initially medical beverages 1820 soda fountain in apothecaries adding of syrups… Patent medicines- coca plant-- Incas (John Pemberton in Atlanta Georgia in 1886) French wine coca and then added kola extract too (cocaine, stimulant) but needed a non alcohol version due to temperance movement. Coca-Cola… Advertising and marketing now stepped in-testimonials, distinctive logo, medicinal, free samples, profitable---syrup. 1895—national drink Let go of medicinal advertising and left it at “ delicious and refreshing.” Bottling rights… Wiley put Coca Cola on trial in 1911(p.244)— legitmated sale of caffeine to kids Further challenges: end of Prohib, Depression, Pepsi.. With WWII, America ended isolationism and sent out 16 m. servicemen with Coke in their ends…(p.251) morale, publicity, patriotism, exempt from sugar ration.. shipping of syrup and opening of bottling plants. And then stayed there… Attacks of Coca-colonization (By French communists, Cold war…) Response by company: “coca cola was the essence of capitalism”—symbnol of freedom since Pepsi had managed to get behind the “iron curtain” Israel (Coca Cola due to threatened Jewish boycott in US) and Arab world Pepsi. New battleground is China Global Processes:  Industrialization  Mass transportation  Class free ? society  Mass consumerism  Global capitalism  Conflict  Cold war  Ideological battles  Globalization
 * Coke **

Water: the next drink? Developing vs developed world, conflict causer, bottled water habit.
 * Epilogue **